-
Design and Implementation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell as a Means of Alternative Energy
Iyere Sunday Fidelis,
Idim Aniebiet Idim
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
51-58
Received:
10 March 2021
Accepted:
1 April 2021
Published:
8 July 2021
Abstract: The demand for electrical energy is on the increase particularly in a developing economy such as Nigeria, where the government has not been able to provide adequate and uninterruptible power supply to her fast growing population. More research is needed to bring electricityto the door step of the people by diverting attention into other sourcesof energy which can stand as viable alternative to the conventional sources of energy. This research is aimed at employing the potentials of water electrolysisto produce hydrogen fuel cell which can be used to power electrical appliances, among other applications. Step-by-step procedures where observed in using locally available materials to construct a containment of hydrogen fuel cell with an electrolyte and two electrodes separated apart into two equal halves of a transparent box made of Perspex. A light bulb (resistive load) was connected across the output terminals, and voltage/current variation s with respect to time was measured using appropriate instruments in order to deduce charging, discharging power and efficiency of the fuel cell. Graphs of measured values were plotted to determine their characteristics including the current/voltage (I-V) characteristics curve of the hydrogen fuel cell. Results of measured values and characteristic curves show that hydrogen fuel cell capable of powering electricalloads was produced, and the current density is dependent on the surface area surrounding the electrodes. That is, the wider the surface area around electrodes the higher the electrical energy generated.
Abstract: The demand for electrical energy is on the increase particularly in a developing economy such as Nigeria, where the government has not been able to provide adequate and uninterruptible power supply to her fast growing population. More research is needed to bring electricityto the door step of the people by diverting attention into other sourcesof e...
Show More
-
The Technologies of 5G: Opportunities, Applications and Challenges
Alhassan Jamilu Ibrahim,
Abba Hassan,
Abdulkadir Hassan Disina,
Zahraddeen Abubakar Pindar
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
59-68
Received:
21 October 2021
Accepted:
8 November 2021
Published:
23 November 2021
Abstract: 5G which stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology, is a groundbreaking technology that the world now witnesses in mobile telecommunications and which has proven to be twenty or more times faster than the existing 4G technology. New standard releases beyond 4G are already in progress by standardization bodies, but at this time implementation and rollout of systems compliant with 5G is still under way in some parts of the world. The goals of a 5G-based telecommunications network would ideally answer the challenges that a 4G model would present once it has entered widespread use. The innovative features of 5G in many ways can be employed to support governments, established companies, new ideas, business models and services that require continuous connections between multiple parties that may include enterprises, telecom providers, mobile operators, government regulators, infrastructure providers and much more. This research highlighted the idea behind 5G technologies, its interconnections with smart objects of Internet of things (IoT) as well as offerings it has gained from others like Blockchain technology. The design for system model of network architecture for 5G mobile systems is described including creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). The economic impact and the contributions of 5G technology is vigorously highlighted while some of the challenges that is faced in designing, deploying and managing the technology is also probed.
Abstract: 5G which stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology, is a groundbreaking technology that the world now witnesses in mobile telecommunications and which has proven to be twenty or more times faster than the existing 4G technology. New standard releases beyond 4G are already in progress by standardization bodies, but at this time implementation and ...
Show More
-
A Compatibility Framework for System Transition Literature
Mohammed Hussaini,
Miklas Scholz
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
69-78
Received:
19 November 2021
Accepted:
7 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: A complex (adaptive) system consists of heterogeneous, autonomous agents that interact with one another. Conceptual theories in the literature of complex systems transition are vast and seem to be discrete. This paper attempts to collect together all concepts of (socio-technical) system transitions to design an all-inclusive compatibility framework for the complex literature in socio-technical transitions. The framework takes the form of a universal system transition model that integrates and harmonises theories and practices on socio-technical transitions to simplify understanding of the complexity and diversity of complex systems transition literature. The framework was designed by appropriately superimposing, streamlining and condensing the existing transition models to produce a single universal model. With the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework as the reference centre, all other concepts could be suitably identified and described without much ambiguity. The other components of the framework include the analytical concepts of the multi-phase perspective (MPP) of transition phases, the stocks-flows concept of transition, and the management concepts of transition design and management process. The various system elements are represented by the three dimensions of actors, rules/institutions, and technical components. The universal transition framework accurately demonstrates and represents the core ideas of system transitions by accurately identifying and matching all the elements in a monolithic typology for instant conceptualisation.
Abstract: A complex (adaptive) system consists of heterogeneous, autonomous agents that interact with one another. Conceptual theories in the literature of complex systems transition are vast and seem to be discrete. This paper attempts to collect together all concepts of (socio-technical) system transitions to design an all-inclusive compatibility framework...
Show More
-
A Natural Sequence of Socio-Technical Transition Pathways
Mohammed Hussaini,
Miklas Scholz
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
79-89
Received:
19 November 2021
Accepted:
7 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: This paper provides a simplified analysis of possible sequences of transition pathways to deepen understanding of transition scenarios. The pathways exhibit a ranking of succession in which the transformation pathway (T) is first in the sequence in terms of both landscape pressure (PL) and niche maturity levels (γn). The next pathway along the sequence in terms of the two variables of PL and γn is the reconfiguration pathway (R). Beyond R, the substitution pathway (S) is significantly higher in terms of γn whereas the de-alignment/re-alignment pathway (D/R) is significantly higher in terms of PL. The next pathway on the sequence among the two pathways, namely S and D/R depends on the difference in the rates of change of PL (i.e. PL/t) and γn (i.e. γn/t) and the PL difference of D/R to R (PL.D/R – PL.R) and the γn difference of S to R (γn.S – γn.R). A higher PL/t to γn/t and/or a shorter PL.D/R – PL.R to γn.S – γn.R support the sequence T-R-D/R-S whereas a lower PL/t to γn/t and/or a larger PL.D/R – PL.R to γn.S – γn.R favours T-R-S-D/R sequence. In the case of equivalent PL.D/R – PL.R and γn.S – γn.R, and also PL/t and γn/t, then beyond R, a fifth scenario (X) which combines part characteristics of both D/R and S has been discussed. In view of deviations from this assumption in theory, changes in PL and γn (and hence X) might not be linear and is determined by the slope δPL/δγn while the status of X with respect to D/R and S at any time depends on its parametric proximity with respect to D/R and S at that time. Moreover, PL/t in turn depends on the pathway history of a transition whereas niche maturity γn is affected by transition policy action which improves the overall performance-cost ratios of niche (γn) and regime (γr) technologies, γn/γr. However, in all the case, there is the need to establish accurate measurements for PL and γn and for the pathways to enhance the certainty of the pathway sequence.
Abstract: This paper provides a simplified analysis of possible sequences of transition pathways to deepen understanding of transition scenarios. The pathways exhibit a ranking of succession in which the transformation pathway (T) is first in the sequence in terms of both landscape pressure (PL) and niche maturity levels (γn). The next pathway along the sequ...
Show More
